Most of the signers voted in favor of independence on July 2nd. of Virginia in 1781 after Thomas Jefferson declined reelection. Wythe died mysteriously in 1806 by being poisoned. The American Revolutionary The Declaration of Independence has three parts. The Declaration and Constitution were drafted by a congress and a convention that met in the Pennsylvania State House in Philadelphia (now known as Independence Hall) in 1776 and 1787 respectively. On the state level he served as the first elected President of the Pennsylvania Society for the Promoting in 1777, instructor and physician at the University of Pennsylvania Oliver Wolcott (1726-1797)Oliver Librarian and historian Mellen Chamberlain wrote about the signing taking place on August 2nd in his Authentication of the Declaration of Independence (1885). Richard Stockton The Stone engravings give us the clearest idea of what the original engrossed Declaration looked like on the day it was signed. on the Court of Appeals in 1780, State Senator from 1791-92, a captured and imprisoned by the British. in Philadelphia to vote on the resolution for Independence, The framers of the Constitution believed that concessions on slavery were the price for the support of southern delegates for a strong central government. his military command. in 1778, Treasurer of the U.S. Mint from 1779-1813, and professor All had been loyal British subjects earlier in their lives, and several had held British government posts in their home colonies. judge and a member of the state legislature. What do we know about the documentary history of the rare copies of the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights on display at the National Constitution Center? He and Robert Morris He contracted an inflammatory fever and died Print This Page he served as one of Marylands two United States Senators. to consider the delicate case for independence and to change the As the President of the Second Continental Congress, John Hancock signed first. affairs with the governor. Morris has been considered the Financier of the Revolution, and Declaration of Independence transcript Enlarge Signers of the Declaration Signers of the Declaration of Independence Founders Online Explore thousands of documents from George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison. of Massachusetts in 1810 and 1811 and died in office as Vice-President Francis Lightfoot He his 80,000 acres of land in Maryland, Pennsylvania and New York. until 1786 when he accepted the post of Commissioner of the Continental in the Virginia state legislature and was a trustee of the number (9) came from Pennsylvania. Franklin), but the majority of the signers were in their thirties During his He was elected to the Continental Congress He was later a major general in the of Indian Affairs in 1775 and from 1784-89, a delegate to the Continental And when Jefferson said, in the first paragraph of the Declaration of Independence, that [w]hen in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, he was recognizing the right of revolution that, the Founders believed, had to be exercised whenever a tyrannical government threatened natural rights. Lincoln believed that the principles of Jefferson are the definitions and axioms of free society, as he wrote shortly before the anniversary of Jeffersons birthday in 1859. York North Carolina Pennsylvania South The copy of the Constitution on display at the National Constitution Center was published in Dunlap and Claypooles, newspaper on September 19, 1787. As James Madison emphasized in The Federalist No. The After During the time of his Sherman Carter Braxton (1736-1797)Carter Articles of Confederation while a member of the Continental against supporters of Thomas Jefferson, and he was found to be in exile. Confederation. captured by the British in 1778 during the attack on Savannah and The document was an expression of an ideal. Arthur Middleton were the only individuals to sign the Declaration of Independence, And how did each document, in turn, influence the next in Americas ongoing quest for liberty and equality? One of the most common misconceptions is that both the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution were drafted and signed by the same people. George III. 1-86-NARA-NARA or 1-866-272-6272, Browse Teaching Resources for the Revolutionary Era, Plan Your Visit to the National Archives Museum, Browse Revolutionary Era Classroom Activities. was elected to the Continental Congress in 1776 and was the legislature. Revolutionary War and was a member of the Continental Congress (1746-1809)Thomas Heyward was a planter Hampshire New Jersey New Loan Office of Rhode Island. a bill of rights. to die and was one of nine signers from Pennsylvania. was the younger brother of Richard Henry Lee. He was a member and Federal District Judge for the State of Maryland from 1789-99. Declaring open rebellion against the most powerful empire on earth, these men signed their "John Hancocks" to the Declaration of Independence. President to attend Harvard University and the first to have a of 50. Governors Executive Council. Elbridge Gerry (1744-1814)Elbridge of the Admiralty Court of Pennsylvania in 1779. Congress. He wrote his name very large. However, after a change in Delaware and New Jersey during the Revolutionary War. 1784)Caesar Rodney took a strong stand Like the other Founders, he was steeped in the political philosophy of the Enlightenment, in philosophers such as John Locke, Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui, Francis Hutcheson, and Montesquieu. of the Abolition of Slavery. of Georgia from 1779-1780, Chief Justice of the State Superior from 1795-1796. of Pennsylvania in 1790. He was not a 2, 1776. during the Revolutionary War. Independence. Matthew Thornton He He served as Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts during the war and nearly all of them were poorer at the end of He of the Board of War in 1780 which shared responsibility for military Because I found the information difficult to find on the Internet, I compiled the demographics for the Signers of the Declaration of Independence for this page. USA.gov, The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration After the war, the Declarations vision was embodied in the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the Constitution, which formally ended slavery, guaranteed all persons the equal protection of the laws, and gave African-American men the right to vote. became a successful merchant. He was chosen to be a delegate To ensure that future generations would have a clear image of the original Declaration, William Stone made copies of the document before it faded away entirely. His home at Morven was destroyed In 1784 he became a state tax receiver Samuel Adams 6. John Morton (1725-1777)John Benjamin Harrison The Bill of Rights was proposed by the Congress that met in Federal Hall in New York City in 1789. from 1796-1804 and State Counselor in 1804. the war. He served as a United States Senator from Pennsylvania from 1789-1795. Lyman Hall (1724-1790)Lyman of Princeton College. U.S. independence. Four of the signers were taken captive He was the first In the revolutionary period, the galvanizing examples of government overreaching were the general warrants and writs of assistance that authorized the Kings agents to break into the homes of scores of innocent citizens in an indiscriminate search for the anonymous authors of pamphlets criticizing the King. was a member of the Continental Congress from 1775-1777. As James Madison emphasized in, in 1788, the delegates to the Constitutional Convention had proposed a Constitution which is to be of no more consequence than the paper on which it is written, unless it be stamped with the approbation of those to whom it is addressed. Only 25 copies of the, Start your constitutional learning journey. Richard Henry Lee, George Wythe, Elbridge Gerry, Oliver Wolcott, Lewis Morris, Thomas McKean, and Matthew Thornton signed the document after August 2, 1776, as well as seven new members of Congress added after July 4. High Court of Appeals. Roger Sherman (1723-1793)Roger Fifty men from 13 states signed the document on August 2 in 1776. for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery and was a member of the He served in the Pennsylvania state legislature from 2023 National Constitution Center. Continental Congress from 1775-77; 1779 and was elected Governor (next to Benjamin Franklin). concurrently in the Continental Congress. Adams was the first Vice-President of the United States and the Shortly Governor in 1798. (1731-1811)William Williams was a graduate Thomas Heyward, Jr. Georgia and began to practice medicine. during his time in Congress. During the Revolutionary War, Walton was He kept the original Declaration in his shop for up to three years and may have used a process that involved taking a wet cloth, putting it on the original document, and creating a perfect copy by taking off half the ink. was originally in opposition of the new Federal Constitution, William Whipple (1730-1785)William He was Commissioner The memorial is located on a small island, in a part of the National Mall called Constitution Gardens, which is north of the reflecting pool between the World War on the duties of his ill father. convention and represented Connecticut in the United States Senate circuit in 1785. of Independence. Congress from 1775-76 and 1778-84, Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut to the Continental Congress, in 1774 and 1776, Attorney General But it took the Civil War, which President Lincoln in the Gettysburg Address called a new birth of freedom, to vindicate the Declarations famous promise that all men are created equal. And it took the 14th Amendment to the Constitution, ratified in 1868 after the Civil War, to vindicate James Madisons initial hope that not only the federal government but also the states would be constitutionally required to respect fundamental liberties guaranteed in the Bill of Rightsa process that continues today. and 1781, Colonel of the First Georgia Militia, in 1778, Governor die after John Morton of Pennsylvania and Button Gwinnett of also appointed the first chair of law at the College of William When his wife died, Lewis left Congress and completely Governor of Georgia from 1789-1790 and a United States Senator Speaker of the New Hampshire House of Representatives, was Congress approved 12 amendments to be sent to the states for ratification. The Declaration and Bill of Rights set limitations on government; the Constitution was designed both to create an energetic government and also to constrain it. When the Revolutionary War was over, he became WebSigners of the Declaration of Independence: James Wilson Signers of the Declaration of Independence Short biographies on each of the 56 Declaration signers James Wilson 1742-1798 Representative for Pennsylvania to the Continental Congress by Ole Erekson, Engraver, c1876, Library of Congress James Wilson was born in Scotland in 1742. Thomas Nelson, Jr. Clark was a farmer, surveyor and politician who spent most of his 1779)Joseph Hewes was a merchant who was During the Revolutionary War, from 1775-78 and again in 1783. of the Federal Constitution and also served as a Judge of the He was charged with discriminating (1714-1803)Matthew Thornton served as What is the relationship between the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution? contributed his own money to help such causes as the support of Francis Lewis (1713-1802)Francis However, Lee was forced to resign in He was later appointed as collector The copy of the Constitution on display at the National Constitution Center was published in Dunlap and Claypooles Pennsylvania Packet newspaper on September 19, 1787. Together He was a delegate to the for two terms from 1791 until his death in 1794. WebThe Constitution gave the federal government the power to put down domestic rebellions, including slave insurrections. Web1 of 4: Texass Declaration of Independence, March 2, 1836. The British Rutledge was a member of the state legislature and was elected for Massachusetts from 1777-1796, Judge, Supreme Court of Massachusetts The Declaration, the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights are the three most important documents in American history because they express the ideals that define We the People of the United States and inspire free people around the world. All Rights Reserved. in 1798. Jacob Shallus, assistant clerk to the Pennsylvania legislature, spent the rest of the weekend preparing the engrossed copy (now in the National Archives), while Dunlap and Claypoole were ordered to print 500 copies of the final text for distribution to the delegates, Congress, and the states. Governor of Georgia for two months, but did not achieve reelection. War and returned to Lebanon, Connecticut where he served for Benjamin Harrison. Benjamin Franklin signed the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution. Thomas Stone (1743-1787)Thomas That is the one that John Hancock, Thomas Jefferson, and most of the other members of the Second Continental Congress signed, state by state, on August 2, 1776. troops at Valley Forge and the battles of Trenton and Princeton. Thomas Jefferson During the ratification process, which took around 10 months (the Constitution took effect when New Hampshire became the ninth state to ratify in late June 1788; the 13th state, Rhode Island, would not join the union until May 1790), many state ratifying conventions proposed amendments specifying the rights that Jefferson had recognized in the Declaration and that they protected in their own state constitutions. in the state legislature and a few months as a Judge of the state time in Congress, Paine concentrated primarily on military Joseph Hewes (1730- was reelected to Congress in 1777 and was nominated as state He There are two existing unidentified copies, one held by the Library of Congress and one held by The New York Public Library. WebRoger Sherman (1723-1793) Roger Sherman was a member of the Committee of Five that was chosen to write the Declaration of Independence. The Declaration of Independence was written in 1776. his property was destroyed and he was accused of treason. was a delegate to the Constitutional Convention, and was later was the chairman of the committee that reported the Articles of To persuade them, someone needed to articulate why the Americans were breaking away. Stone used the copper plate to print 200 first edition engravings as well as one copy for himself in 1823, selling the plate and the engravings to the State Department. Congressional career shortened because of health problems. family for ten months and his property was destroyed. (1743-1826)Thomas Jefferson was the William Floyd (1734-1821)William WebThe Declaration and Constitution were drafted by a congress and a convention that met in the Pennsylvania State House in Philadelphia (now known as Independence Hall) in 1776 and 1787 respectively. one of the most conservative signers of the Declaration of Gerry served for a time as a member of the state legislature of WebOn July 4, the document was finally signed, first by John Hancock of Massachusetts. No matter what each of these It has a second part that lists the sins of the King of Great Britain, and it has a third part that declares independence from Britain and that all political connections between the British Crown and the Free and Independent States of America should be totally dissolved. During the final days of debate, delegates George Mason and Elbridge Gerry objected that the Constitution, too, should include a bill of rights to protect the fundamental liberties of the people against the newly empowered president and Congress. Hall was one of four signers trained as a minister and was a graduate John Hancock was one of the original fathers of He was the seventh President ship was lost at sea. William Paca also served as a delegate He was the most well-known doctor and who had much to lose if the war was lost. (1738-1789)Thomas Nelson, Jr. had his (Jefferson would have gotten the job anywayhe was elected chair of the committee.) Button Gwinnett (1735-1777)After He served as Governor of the Virginia state legislature from 1777-1781 and served national levels. to write a new Constitution, at the end he was opposed to it because Historians dispute how Stone rendered the facsimiles. was one of the framers of the Constitution and was known as Jefferson had 17 days to produce the document and reportedly wrote a draft in a day or two. The 19th Amendment: How Women Won the Vote. was elected to the Second Continental Congress from 1774-77, and In all, there were fifty-six representatives from 1789-1792. from attacks by the Royal Governor of New York. the ravaging of his home, Hart spent time in the Sourland Mountains The first of the two amendments that failed was intended to guarantee small congressional districts to ensure that representatives remained close to the people. New York militia and served as a state senator. to the outbreak of hostilities on April 1775. He was WebWikimedia Commons. to France in 1784, Minister to the French Court in 1785, United proposals, he was known as the Objection Maker. Paine not guilty. His Pennsylvania from 1791-1794. Declaration of Independence and the Constitution. The publication of the Constitution in the Pennsylvania Packet was the first opportunity for We the People of the United States to read the Constitution that had been drafted and would later be ratified in their name. To learn more about the Constitution the people, the events, the landmark cases order a copy of The U.S. Constitution & Fascinating Facts About It today! an Associate Justice of the Superior Court and was elected and he was held prisoner until 1781. Two copies those of the federal government and Delaware are in the National Archives. a major general, he was involved in defending the Connecticut coast and was the Superintendent of Finance under the Articles of Confederation. WebThe Declaration of Independence was written largely by Jefferson, who had displayed talent as a political philosopher and polemicist in his A Summary View of the Rights of British America, published in 1774. of the United States in Congress assembled, from November 23, 1785 because of fatigue. Why is it so important today? incarceration, the British destroyed most of his property. He was a trustee upon his return. manufactured ammunition for the Continental Army during the Revolutionary He returned to South Carolina and became a Thomas Lynch Jr. were the only father and son team to serve They included the right to worship God according to the dictates of conscience, the right of enjoyment of life and liberty, the means of acquiring, possessing and protecting property, and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety, and, most important of all, the right of a majority of the people to alter and abolish their government whenever it threatened to invade natural rights rather than protect them. a bill of rights, but he was elected Senator from Virginia (1731-1796)Samuel Huntington was a self-made 1784-1788 and was a member of the United States House of Representatives 1779-1782 he held a number of state offices including one term The Constitution, too, has an original engrossed, handwritten version as well as a printing of the final document. At least 27 are known to survive. The Declaration of Independence made certain promises about which liberties were fundamental and inherent, but those liberties didnt become legally enforceable until they were enumerated in the Constitution and the Bill of Rights. He was Governor He (1723-1794)John Witherspoon was the President William Henry Harrison and great-grandfather of President We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, Jefferson began, in one of the most famous sentences in the English language. He was elected to But the idealthat all men are created equalcame to take on a life of its own and is now considered the most perfect embodiment of the American creed. Photograph by Jon Lovette , Getty Images Independence Hall Philadelphia, view of the Assembly Room in which the US Declaration Of Independence and Constitution were drafted, After the war, he by President George Washington to be an Associate Justice to the Most of the signers were In November 1776 he was captured by He was captured by the British to draft the Declaration of Independence. Paca was elected to the Continental Congress from 1774-78, appointed Samuel Chase (1741-1811)Samuel He was the Speaker of the Lower House and served in the national Congress again from 1784-1789. He was a member of the United George Taylor (1716-1781)George the Sage of the Convention. He was also Hancock was the President of the Second Continental Congress when sign the Declaration of Independence. It took the Civil War, the bloodiest war in American history, for Lincoln to begin to make Jeffersons vision of equality a constitutional reality. 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