Word Count: 490. The axe is not yet at the root of every tree, but the sheep is, or was before the national parks were established and guarded by the military, the only effective and reliable arm of the government free from the blight of politics. . The forest service does not rest satisfied with the present proportion of woodland, but looks to planting the best forest trees it can find in any country, if likely to be useful and to thrive in Japan. But not one denuded acre in a hundred is allowed to raise a new forest growth. OUR NATIONAL PARKs.-Under this title Mr. John Muir has brought together several papers originally published in the Atlantic Monthly. John Muir in the Sierra Nevada mountains They cannot run away; and if they could, they would still be destroyed, chased and hunted down as long as fun or a dollar could be got out of their bark hides, branching horns, or magnificent bole backbones. Even Japan is ahead of us in the management of her forests. The Land Ethic Aldo Leopold Part II: Two Philosophical Issues in Forestry Ethics MULTIPLE VALUES IN FORESTS . The volume is from the press of Houghton . Madison Grant's nature was the last redoubt of nobility in a levelling and hybridizing democracy. He closes his long essay with his now-famous statements: "Any fool can destroy trees. Here and there in the Southern States there are still considerable areas of timbered government land, but these are comparatively unimportant. During his lengthy wanderings, Muir contemplated man's relationship to nature. After becoming president in 1901, Roosevelt used his authority to establish 150 national forests, 51 federal bird reserves, four national game preserves, five national parks and . Only the lower, perfectly clear, free-splitting portions of the giant pines are used, perhaps ten to twenty feet from a tree two hundred and fifty in height; all the rest is left a mass of ruins, to rot or to feed the forest fires, while thousands are hacked deeply and rejected in proving the grain. Muir is credited with both the creation of the National Park System and the establishment of the Sierra Club. Have you ever wondered why your favorite National Park is surrounded by a National Forest? HASC - Digital Archives 237, pp. Drifting adventurers in California, after harvest and threshing are over, oftentimes meet to discuss their plans for the winter, and their talk is interesting. It is the only genuine Erebus route. the glory of the world! John Muir's 1897 Case for Saving America's Forests - The Atlantic August 1897 Issue Explore Technology The American Forests "God has cared for these trees, saved them from drought, disease,. The blackness is perfect. Visit the John Muir National Historic Site, located in Martinez, California. After the destructive 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire, the decision was made to dam the valley to provide the recovering city with clean water. In its reading, one must keep in mind that compared with today, very little was known about glacial activity. American forests! As a boy, Muir was "fond of everything that was wild" (My Boyhood and Youth 30) and took great pleasure in the outdoors. Timber is as necessary as bread, and no scheme of management failing to recognize and properly provide for this want can possibly be maintained. In "The American Forests", John Muir's purpose is to reveal the disloyalty that Americans have towards their agriculture. Selecting a favorable spot for a cabin near a meadow with a stream, he unpacks his animal and stakes it out on the meadow. Every place is made better by them. Born April 21, 1838, Muir has become America's most famous naturalist and conservationist. An extension of this law by the passage of the act of March 2, 1831, provided that if any person should cut live-oak or red cedar trees or other timber from the lands of the United States for any other purpose than the construction of the navy, such person should pay a fine not less than triple the value of the timber cut, and be imprisoned for a period not exceeding twelve months. Muir enumerates the forest regulations of the principal countries of the world, and then reviews the abuses this country has allowed, detailing the fraudulent methods used by the timber thieves to gain title to thousands of forested acres. These forests were composed of about five hundred species of trees, all of them in some way useful to man, ranging in size from twenty-five feet in height and less than one foot in diameter at the ground to four hundred feet in height and more than twenty feet in diameter, lordly monarchs proclaiming the gospel of beauty like apostles. A part of the John Muir Exhibit, by Harold Wood and Harvey Chinn. They have so long been allowed to steal and destroy in peace that any impediment to forest robbery is denounced as a cruel and irreligious interference with vested rights, likely to endanger the repose of all ungodly welfare. Still, the species is not in danger of extinction. He wrote many magazine articles and books, inspiring other people to love nature and drawing attention to the need to protect the environment. They are four feet long, four inches wide, and about one fourth of an inch thick. The redwood is restricted to the Coast Range, and the big tree to the Sierra. America is one of the wealthiest lands in existence yet a funding system is not implemented to save the endangered forests. A famous quotation where Muir refers to the Sierra as the "Range of Light" is found within this chapter. The slow-going, un-thrifty farmers, also, are beginning to realize that when the timber is stripped from the mountains the irrigating streams dry up in summer, and are destructive in winter; that soil, scenery, and everything slips off with the trees: so of course they are coming into the ranks of tree-friends. Mere destroyers, however, tree-killers, spreading death and confusion in the fairest groves and gardens ever planted, let the government hasten to cast them out and make an end of them. Thus, the prospector, the miner, and mining and railroad companies are allowed by law to take all the timber they like for their mines and roads, and the forbidden settler, if there are no mineral lands near his farm or stock-ranch, or none that he knows of, can hardly be expected to forbear taking what he needs wherever he can find it. Listen to the trailer for Holy Week. Katherine S. Talmadge. As timber the redwood is too good to live. I was consequently keen to read his short essay "Save the redwoods" when it popped up as an LOA story-of-the-week three weeks ago. John Muir was born in Dunbar, Scotland on April 21, 1838, as the oldest son in religious shopkeepers family. John Muirthe surprise star of Ken Burns's recent PBS documentary, The National Parks is most remembered for founding the Sierra Club in 1911 and for the preservation of Yosemite, but another of his great legacies is his prose, which introduced a new vocabulary to the genre of nature writing. In 1903, Roosevelt spent four days in Yosemite with Muir, camping with him and learning about the value of the untamed land. Thence still westward the invading horde of destroyers called settlers made its fiery way over the broad Rocky Mountains, felling and burning more fiercely than ever, until at last it has reached the wild side of the continent, and entered the last of the great aboriginal forests on the shores of the Pacific. The cool shades of the forest give rise to moist beds and currents of air, and the sod of grasses and the various flowering plants and shrubs thus fostered, together with the network and sponge of tree roots, absorb and hold back the rain and the waters from melting snow, compelling them to ooze and percolate and flow gently through the soil in streams that never dry. Home Let them be welcomed still as nature welcomes them, to the woods as well as to the prairies and plains. The disappearance of the forests in the first place, it is claimed, may be traced in most cases directly to mountain pasturage. Relating how the ever-increasing horde of settlers had poured across the continent, Muir writes: " with no eye to the future, these pious destroyers waged interminable forest wars; chips flew thick and fast, trees in their beauty fell crashing by the millions and the smoke of their burning has been rising to heaven more than 200 years . Every other civilized nation in the world has been compelled to care for its forests, and so must we if waste and destruction are not to go on to the bitter end." Muir became politically active to protect Yosemite from being threatened by commercial developments. Read more from, Butterfield & Co.: In Two Parts. The Yellowstone National Park 3. President Teddy Roosevelt was profoundly influenced by Muir and the conservation movement. John Muir (/mjr/; April 21, 1838 - December 24, 1914) was a Scottish-American naturalist, author, environmental philosopher and early advocate of preservation of wilderness in the United States. T he Mountains of California, published in 1894, is John Muir's first book. Sheep-owners and their shepherds also set fires everywhere through the woods in the fall to facilitate the march of their countless flocks the next summer, and perhaps in some places to improve the pasturage. Likewise many of natures five hundred kinds of wild trees had to make way for orchards and cornfields. U.S. The Yosemite National Park 4. Surely, then, it should not be wondered at that lovers of their country, bewailing its baldness, are now crying aloud, Save what is left of the forests! Clearing has surely now gone far enough; soon timber will be scarce, and not a grove will be left to rest in or pray in. The forests of America, however slighted by man, must have been a great delight to God; for they were the best he ever planted. Even in Congress, a sizable chunk of gold, carefully concealed, will outtalk and outfight all the nation on a subject like forestry, well smothered in ignorance, and in which the money interests of only a few are conspicuously involved. No place is too good for good men, and still there is room. His lifelong passion for hiking began when he hiked 1,000 miles from Indianapolis to the Gulf of Mexico in. The sky is black and the ground is black, and on either side there is a continuous border of black stumps and logs and blasted trees appealing to heaven for help as if still half alive, and their mute eloquence is most interestingly touching. He was a Scottish-American environmentalist, naturalist, and writer who is best known as the founder of the Sierra Club and one of the earliest promotors of the national parks. This tree is one of the most variable and most widely distributed of American pines. So they appeared a few centuries ago when they were rejoicing in wildness. At least none is in sight from the lowlands, and they all might as well be on the moon, as far as scenery is concerned. Yet the dawn of a new day in forestry is breaking. He is best known for his work as a conservationist, particularly his role in the establishment of Yosemite National Park in California. But this priceless land has been patented, and nothing can be done now about the crazy bargain. Wide-branching oak and elm in endless variety, walnut and maple, chestnut and beech, ilex and locust, touching limb to limb, spread a leafy translucent canopy along the coast of the Atlantic over the wrinkled folds and ridges of the Alleghanies, a green billowy sea in summer, golden and purple in autumn, pearly gray like a steadfast frozen mist of interlacing branches and sprays in leafless, restful winter. Part One, The week that followed Martin Luther King Jr.s assassination was revolutionaryso why was it nearly forgotten? And in the fullness of time it was planted in groves, and belts, and broad, exuberant, mantling forests, with the largest, most varied, most fruitful, and most beautiful trees in the world. For many a century after the ice-ploughs were melted, nature fed them and dressed them every day; working like a man, a loving, devoted, painstaking gardener; fingering every leaf and flower and mossy furrowed bole; bending, trimming, modeling, balancing, painting them with the loveliest colors; bringing over them now clouds with cooling shadows and showers, now sunshine; fanning them with gentle winds and rustling their leaves; exercising them in every fibre with storms, and pruning them; loading them with flowers and fruit, loading them with snow, and ever making them more beautiful as the years rolled by. No traveler, whether a tree lover or not, will ever forget his first walk in a sugar-pine forest. Type the abstract of the document here. It has been planted and is flourishing over a great part of Europe, and magnificent sections of the aboriginal forests have been reserved as national and state parks, the Mariposa Sequoia Grove, near Yosemite, managed by the State of California, and the General Grant and Sequoia national parks on the Kings, the Kaweah, and Tule rivers, efficiently guarded by a small troop of United States cavalry under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior. Its focus is the general geology and characteristics of the Sierra Nevada. Every tree heard the bodeful sound, and pillars of smoke gave the sign in the sky. Poem About Beauty Of Forest And Trees Naturalist John Muir and my love of trees inspired this poem. The week that followed Martin Luther King Jr.s assassination was revolutionaryso why was it nearly forgotten? not unlike those which confront us now. Then he goes to work sawing and splitting for the market, tying the shakes in bundles of fifty or a hundred. It took more than three thousand years to make some of the trees in these Western woods, trees that are still standing in perfect strength and beauty, waving and singing in the mighty forests of the Sierra. Another of the company, a bushy-bearded fellow, with a trace of brag in his voice, drawled out: Bird business is well enough for some, but bear is my game, with a deer and a California lion thrown in now and then for change. The enormous logs, too heavy to handle, are blasted into manageable dimensions with gunpowder. The making of the far-famed New York Central Park was opposed by even good men, with misguided pluck, perseverance, and ingenuity; but straight right won its way, and now that park is appreciated. Thus, with abundance of fuel, shelter and comfort by his own fireside are secured. One of the reasons why John Muir and other naturalists would have believed that the grandeur of Western America was shaped entirely by natural forces is that they had no idea how many Native. But most preferred the shake business, until something more profitable and as sure could be found, with equal comfort and independence. There is no real sky and no scenery. But the state woodlands are not allowed to lie idle. 357-[393]. See All test questions. The provisions of the code concerning private woodlands are substantially these: No private owner may clear his woodlands without giving notice to the government at least four months in advance, and the forest service may forbid the clearing on the following grounds: to maintain the soil on mountains, to defend the soil against erosion and flooding by rivers or torrents, to insure the existence of springs and watercourses, to protect the dunes and seashore, etc. While reading the John Muir excerpt from the reader, I was struck with how closely he followed the traditions of Emerson and Thoreau while still expanding on his own style. Through all the wonderful, eventful centuries since Christs timeand long before thatGod has cared for these trees, saved them from drought, disease, avalanches, and a thousand straining, leveling tempests and floods; but he cannot save them from foolsonly Uncle Sam can do that. Here, in The Mountains of California, is the first time the phrase Range . The whole continent was a garden, and from the beginning it seemed to be favored above all the other wild parks and gardens of the globe. Accordingly, with no eye to the future, these pious destroyers waged interminable forest wars, Every other civilized nation in the world has been compelled to care for its forests, and so must we if waste and destruction are not to go on to the bitter end So far our government has done nothing effective with its forests, though the best in the world, but is like a rich and foolish spendthrift who has inherited a magnificent estate in perfect order, and then has left his rich fields and meadows, forests and parks, to be sold and plundered and wasted at will, depending on their inexhaustible abundance, Emerson says that things refuse to be mismanaged long. Author: SAISD Created Date: 06/16/2016 20:10:00 Last modified by: SAISD In 1849, Muir and his family immigrated to Wisconsin to homestead. > The two most fascinating questions about extraterrestrial life are where it is found and what it is like. In his article, "The American Forests," John Muir describes the issues with the Timber and Stone Act of 1878. Notwithstanding all the waste and use which have been going on unchecked like a storm for more than two centuries, it is not yet too late, though it is high time, for the government to begin a rational administration of its forests. About this book. Chapter 2: How is Sustainability a Political Issue? And you are your own boss in my business, too, if the bears aint too big and too many for you. Publisher's Summary During the past twenty-five years, North American forestry has received increasingly vigorous scrutiny. Most notably, this was John Muir's first published essay (1871). Muir strategically uses God to appeal to the readers of the time. The chief aims of the administration are effective protection of the forests from fire, an efficient system of regeneration, and cheap transportation of the forest products; the results so far have been most beneficial and encouraging. The fires, whether accidental or set, are allowed to run into the woods as far as they may, thus assuring comprehensive destruction. Hence they went wavering northward over icy Alaska, brave spruce and fir, poplar and birch, by the coasts and the rivers, to within sight of the Arctic Ocean. During heavy rainfalls and while the winter accumulations of snow were melting, the larger streams would swell into destructive torrents; cutting deep, rugged-edged gullies, carrying away the fertile humus and soil as well as sand and rocks, filling up and overflowing their lower channels, and covering the lowland fields with raw detritus. Accessibility Statement, John Muir: A Reading Bibliography by Kimes, Holt-Atherton Special Collections homepage. They went to the woods to escape aspects of. The Sierra Club is the oldest, largest and most influential conservation organization in the United States. But timber-thieves of the Western class are seldom convicted, for the good reason that most of the jurors who try such cases are themselves as guilty as those on trial. This excerpt from "The American Forests," was part of John Muir's 1897 campaign to save the American wilderness. Muir fell in love with the immense beauty of the mountain landscape. Trees from ten to fifteen feet in diameter and three hundred feet high are not uncommon, and a few attain a height of three hundred and fifty feet, or even four hundred, with a diameter at the base of fifteen to twenty feet or more, while the ground beneath them is a garden of fresh, exuberant ferns, lilies, gaultheria, and rhododendron. But there is no such road on the western side of the continent. My First Summer in the Sierra, John Muir's reverent acclamation of the beauty of the wilderness and particularly the Yosemite Valley in California, is a dated journal account of . Twenty-First Century Books, New York, New York. He also realized how fragile nature was; how peoples impact on the land, through grazing, lumbering and commercial developments, was slowly destroying all the beauty in the wilderness. In India systematic forest management was begun about forty years ago, under difficulties presented by the character of the country, the prevalence of running fires, opposition from lumbermen, settlers, etc. Last summer, of the unrivaled redwood forests of the Pacific Coast Range the United States Forestry Commission could not find a single quarter-section that remained in the hands of the government. The gigantea attains a greater girth, and is heavier, more noble in port, and more sublimely beautiful. My Account | As is shown by Mr. E. A. Bowers, formerly Inspector of the Public Land Service, the foundation of our protective policy, which has never protected, is an act passed March 1, 1817, which authorized the Secretary of the Navy to reserve lands producing live-oak and cedar, for the sole purpose of supplying timber for the navy of the United States. Only the forests of the West are significant in size and value, and these, although still great, are rapidly vanishing. of John Muir and Gifford Pinchot Matthew E. Whitbeck Western Oregon University, wolfen.one79@gmail.com Follow this and additional works at:https://digitalcommons.wou.edu/his . travel our way. Even lumbermen in these regions, long accustomed to steal, are now willing and anxious to buy lumber for their mills under cover of law: some possibly from a late second growth of honesty, but most, especially the small mill-owners, simply because it no longer pays to steal where all may not only steal, but also destroy, and in particular because it costs about as much to steal timber for one mill as for ten, and therefore the ordinary lumberman can no longer compete with the large corporations. Home | Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for JOHN MUIR : Nature Writings by The Library Of America (1997, HC/DJ) at the best online prices at eBay! A leaf, a flower, a stone - the simple beauty of nature filled John Muir with joy. The same thing is true of the mines, which consume and destroy indirectly immense quantities of timber with their innumerable fires, accidental or set to make open ways, and often without regard to how far they run. John Muir Papers Everywhere, everywhere over all the blessed continent, there were beauty, and melody, and kindly, wholesome, foodful abundance. Though far less abundant than the redwood, it is, fortunately, less accessible, extending along the western flank of the Sierra in a partially interrupted belt about two hundred and fifty miles long, at a height of from four to eight thousand feet above the sea. Listen to the trailer for. Only by gift or purchase, so far as I know, can the government get back into its possession a single acre of this wonderful forest. This book deals with both of these key issues. President Theodore Roosevelt was one of the most powerful voices in the history of American conservation. Thus for nearly thirty-seven million dollars worth of timber the government got less than nothing; and the value of that consumed by running fires during the same period, without benefit even to thieves, was probably over two hundred millions of dollars. To view the content in your browser, please download Adobe Reader or, alternately, Not only do the shepherds, at the driest time of the year, set fire to everything that will burn, but the sheep consume every green leaf, not sparing even the young conifers when they are in a starving condition from crowding, and they rake and dibble the loose soil of the mountain sides for the spring floods to wash away, and thus at last leave the ground barren. In the settlement and civilization of the country, bread more than timber or beauty was wanted; and in the blindness of hunger, the early settlers, claiming Heaven as their guide, regarded Gods trees as only a larger kind of pernicious weeds, extremely hard to get rid of. The Wild Parks and Forest Reservations of the West 2. The Indians with stone axes could do them no more harm than could gnawing beavers and browsing moose. Then he advertises, in whatever way he can, that he has excellent sugar-pine shakes for sale, easy of access and cheap. About. It has been shown over and over again that if these mountains were to be stripped of their trees and underbrush, and kept bare and sodless by hordes of sheep and the innumerable fires the shepherds set, besides those of the millmen, prospectors, shake-makers, and all sorts of adventurers, both lowlands and mountains would speedily become little better than deserts, compared with their present beneficent fertility. 2) Yosemite Glaciers. At university, Muir focused his studies on chemistry, geology and botany. Anyhow, these vigorous, almost immortal trees are killed at last, and black stumps are now their only monuments over most of the chopped and burned areas. They are invited to heaven, and may well be allowed in America. They cover an area of about 29,000,000 acres. Visit the parks associated with John Muir! The winds will blow their own freshness into you, and the storms their energy, while cares will drop away from you like the leaves of Autumn." John Muir, The Mountains of California tags: energy , mountains , nature 1227 likes Like The Arctic Refuge is a crucial refuge as it is one of the few left in the Arctic and around the world. Restless to explore more of the country, he left school for what he would call "the University of the Wilderness. A proprietor who has cleared his forest without permission is subject to heavy fine, and in addition may be made to replant the cleared area. It is not generally known that, notwithstanding the immense quantities of timber cut every year for foreign and home markets and mines, from five to ten times as much is destroyed as is used, chiefly by running forest fires that only the federal government can stop. With a cheap mustang or mule to carry a pair of blankets, a sack of flour, a few pounds of coffee, and an axe, a frow, and a cross-cut saw, the shake-maker ascends the mountains to the pine belt where it is most accessible, usually by some mine or mill road. He closes his long essay with his now-famous statements: "Any fool can destroy trees. Abstract. Muir, John, 1838-1914 Publication date 1901 Topics National parks and reserves -- United States, Yosemite National Park (Calif.) Publisher Boston, New York : Houghton, Mifflin and Company Collection cdl; americana Digitizing sponsor MSN Contributor University of California Libraries Language English Sign in the United States president Theodore Roosevelt was profoundly influenced by Muir and conservation. 21, 1838, Muir contemplated man 's relationship to nature the endangered forests closes his long essay with now-famous. Born in Dunbar, Scotland on April 21, 1838, Muir focused his studies on,. Heavy to handle, are rapidly vanishing was known about glacial activity followed Martin Luther King assassination! Roosevelt spent four days in Yosemite with Muir, camping with him and learning about value... 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