A condition rarely diagnosed, Witzelsucht has been well documented in the recent era in at least two cases: Case #1: A 30-year-old, right-handed man was admitted to the department of neurology for irritability, inappropriate behavior, and morbid hyperphagia with obesity. Patients with Witzelsucht are essentially insensitive to humor, but are capable of producing it while other patients excessively laugh, often at things that are not funny. The only way to really stop making everything about yourself or at least avoid it is to become more self-aware. Our preliminary results suggest those high in humor character strength tend to concentrate on the positive aspects of their past, present and future. What does meta-philosophy have to say about the (presumably) philosophical work of non professional philosophers? Or this one, deemed by researchers at the University of Oxford to be one of the funniest jokes in the world: Three guys stranded on a desert island find a magic lantern containing a genie, who grants them each one wish. Those with an aggressive humor style may not experience loneliness as much, however, since they rely on group dynamics in order to ridicule their peers. If nothing else, it should give us a greater appreciation of the hurdles we jump through every time we find ourselves tickled by anothers wit. Share Improve this answer Follow answered Oct 24, 2018 at 16:23 Juhasz 7,486 16 23 2 However, since teasing is ambiguous, the desired effect can backfire. Our students, campus community, and alumni have been offended. I'm just saying I'm not sure how common it is outside America. Someone can dish it out but he or she cant take it: Someone easily criticizes other people but does not like it when other people criticize him or her: Hes mad at me for teasing him he can dish it out, but he cant take it! Neurological examination revealed mild spastic left hemiparesis with minimal motor coordination and impairment of voluntary fine movements. Implied was the belief that women are only good for one thing; that group prejudice showed clear in the gender-bigotry of those welcome signs. empowers patients to take care of their mental well-being starting with dinner. If you've ever shared a ridiculous meme with a coworker or bantered among your friends, you've used affiliative humor. And this may all come from very similar patterns of brain damage in the frontal lobes. He then became euphoric and outspoken, speaking in puns and witticisms with an exaggerated smile. Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, venlafaxine, were given to case study KS four months after initial stroke that started symptoms of witzelsucht. "We find that those individuals are more likely to self-harm," says Schermer. It's annoying for pretty much everyone, but for HSPs these social . Involuntary laughter and inappropriate hilarity. As with humor, time perspective is fundamental to human experience. I want to know to be able to communicate my feeling towards the person in question, without being too wordy and exhausting their willingness to listen. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. They gave me an eye exam and here is what they said: ABCDEFG, HIJKMNLOP, QRS, TUV, WXY and Z; now I know my ABCs, can I have my license please? Epileptic foci can be found on the temporal lobe, near the amygdala. Summary. This brain processing appears to occur in a network of regions around the frontal lobes the seat of more complex, analytical thought, and the very same areas that are damaged in patients like Derek. It can even be a balm against the psychological toll of, Yet not all types of humor and by extension, their effects on your well-being are alike. Maybe just that they have a bad sense of humor. It turns out far too many college men think those jokes are funny. Humorless might work, although that might not be a good word if they at least have some sense of humor, they are telling a joke after all, tasteless works quite well, but this is quite subjective, a tasteless joke is always a bad joke but a bad joke is not always a tasteless joke. [8] More than likely this symptom is linked to amygdala damage that can occur during a stroke, which can also induce frontal lobe damage. Jokes activate that minimal group effect; automatic categorization of people into groups with a tendency to see those groups as being in competition with each other. Joking is a social interaction strategy that people use to do a variety of things. The functional anatomy of humor: segregating cognitive and affective components. When Americans did live in that kind of social context, it was because our country was living under the belief and social structure that made some groups less than other groups. Sure, even Freud would say that sometimes a joke is just a joke. Additionally, intuition is a form of decision-making that may develop with the expertise and experience that come with aging. It can be incredibly frustrating to enter into an argument with a person like this, but this character flaw can be managed. I said rare. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. @tromano "laugh" in this phrase is subjunctive. What does a search warrant actually look like? When youre looking from the outside, people who make everything about themselves can seem quite ridiculous and desperate for attention, but you should keep in mind they dont realize thats how they come across. While we constantly educate students, faculty, and staff about sexual assault and sexual harassment, this incident confirms our collective efforts are still failing to register with some. You could start avoiding people who irritate you by the way they behave. Appreciation of humor correlates with other strengths, result in increased feelings of emotional well-being and optimism, Special Collections at Johns Hopkins University, older adults may not have the cognitive resources, report greater life satisfaction than those who dont see the humor, use humor in positive ways held positive past time perspectives, Clinical psychologists are using humor as a treatment, Committee Member - MNF Research Advisory Committee, PhD Scholarship - Uncle Isaac Brown Indigenous Scholarship. (Many of the jokes were too rude to repeat in this article.). That is, even when a patient understands that a joke is funny (based on quantitative brain activity), they do not respond with laughter, or even a smile. Recognizing you have a tendency to look at the world as if revolved around you is the first step in reshaping that worldview towards a more balanced, healthy perspective. For help writing a good word or phrase request, see: About single word requests. She wrote: In this particular class, there was one guy that I got to know pretty well, but it was strictly a classroom interpersonal relationship. The idea that laughter is the best medicine has been around. They want to matter to other people desperately but theyre not sure how to make that happen in an organic, healthy way. A number of dictionaries have marked that as "archaic", including, What do you call someone who tells jokes that nobody laughs at, We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup. There are a range of neuropsychiatric symptoms associated with frontal lobe dementia, including progressive declines in social conduct, insight, and personal and emotional regulation and reactivity. Applying the Bare-Minimum Monday Philosophy to Relationships, Mass Shooters and the Myth That Evil Is Obvious, Transforming Empathy Into Compassion: Why It Matters, No Dr. Spock for Black Parents: Lessons From Tyre Nichols. I wish my friends were back here.. Remember, a person's constant need to be right is most . But the point is that each is built around an incongruity in the punchline, and your brain must jump through a series of hoops to unpick the logic. [10] Previous human studies have shown an association between temporal lobe dysfunction and altered sexual behavior. What do you call a person who asks a question but leaves you in the dark as to what its about? old-fashioned a humorous person. How could a college-educated male think this was funny and acceptable enough to tell a female peer? What would you call a person who knows nothing but will say i knew it all along (on a topic being discussed)? out of the person, there isn't really a standard response to any joke, although particular types of jokes may have standard responses. This remembering of personally experienced events is considered episodic memory. Historically, psychologists framed humor negatively, suggesting it demonstrated superiority, vulgarity, Freudian id conflict or a defense mechanism to hide ones true feelings. clown noun. Single-photon emission computed tomography, "Moria Revisited: Translation of Moritz Jastrowitz's Description of Pathologic Giddiness", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Witzelsucht&oldid=1142281811, This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 15:02. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? People report a greater sense of well-being depending on the quality of the details of their past or present recollections. Resolving that puzzle tickles the brains pleasure centres, making us laugh (or at least, smile politely). Our ability to enjoy humor is enmeshed with this mental capacity for time travel and subjective well-being. The information above is intended as general . Why must a product of symmetric random variables be symmetric? The idea that laughter is the best medicine has been around since biblical times. We are not going back. And psychologists tended to ignore it as worthy of study. Samson, A.C. (2008). , capable of turning anxiety into pleasure. Appreciating humor requires integrated operations within the brain, all of which can be processed in the right frontal lobe. It has been considered a heteromodal cortex, which means that it responds to multiple stimuli, capable of interpreting internal and external sensory input. Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. [9] The punch-line, which can be taken out of place from the body of the text, must be detected and then connected with the lead. Copyright 20102023, The Conversation Media Group Ltd. No matter how it is dressed, bigotry is still bigotry. Almost every night, her husband would wake her up from sleep to tell her another bon mot that had just come to mind. There may be other aspects to humor, though, where older adults hold the advantage. Schizotypal personality disorder is one of a group of conditions informally called "eccentric" personality disorders. If they dont stick up for themselves, no one else will. (1994). ." Genuine attraction is too idiosyncratic to predict, no matter how wonderful someone appears electronically. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Earth, Culture, Capital, Travel and Autos, delivered to your inbox every Friday. [6] Additionally, this inability to remember past experiences could also cause a person to forget what is socially appropriate; which could explain why Witzelsucht patients sometimes say hypersexual comments in public. Alcohol is not always the answer. The feeling, I guess would be disappointment if you were expecting a funny joke or exasperation, annoyance. By contrast, both aggressive and self-defeating humor styles can signal trouble. A few people develop a compulsive urge to crack jokes 24 hours a day, with a medical condition called Witzelsucht. It seems this is a more general problem than previously understood. Joking is a social interaction strategy that people use to do a variety of things. More recently, scientists have shown that positive humor can offer, protection against symptoms of anxiety and depression, . His inappropriate laughter and persistent pun and joke telling was a sharp contrast to his personality as an intellectual theological scholar, known for his exceptional memory as opposed to his sense of humor. Acta Neurologica Taiwanica, 14(4), 195. In any case, they have grown up with the worldview that life isnt fair and its particularly unfair to them. Youre dealing with someone with low self-esteem who probably feels really lonely. Its a uniquely human ability to parse time, to reflect on our past, present and future, and to imagine details in these mental representations. It plays havoc with their social functioning problems that are often accompanied by an impaired (or inappropriate) sense of humour. 134. r/Jokes. You can contact loveisrespect.org by calling 866-331-9474 or texting LOVEIS to. He constantly cracked jokes during the interview, to the point of being difficult to interrupt, recalls Mendez, whose report can be found in a recent neuroscience journal. And not only do some college males think such jokes are funny, but they are so confident that these jokes are acceptable they tell such jokes to female classmates. Or just call the jokes, The only one I could find for a person who can't help but make bad jokes, or. Witzelsucht can occur in the context of frontotemporal dementia, a neurological disorder resulting from degeneration of the frontal lobes and/or anterior temporal lobes. Paradoxically, this brain damage seems to disinhibit some of the signalling between those frontal lobes and the pleasure centres. [closed], We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup. Mendez diagnosed him with a condition called Witzelsucht (addiction to wisecracking), brought on, it seems, by two strokes, five years apart. Was Galileo expecting to see so many stars? This article was originally published on Feb. 19, 2021. In other words, making yourself the butt of the joke. !. Humor is linked with wisdom a wise person knows how to use humor or when to laugh at oneself. In ongoing recent work, my students and I analyzed college students scores on a few common scales that psychologists use to assess humor, time perspective and the need for humor a measure of how an individual produces or seeks humor in their daily lives. A bulk of this research is focused on. Changes back to his original behavior were noticeable after daily dose of 37.5mg of venlafaxine for two weeks. The best defense is offense, and if everyone else is on the offense against them, they might as well strike first. PhD, D.Z.Z., & Israel Hod MD, P.D. [10] There has also been evidence of hypersexual behavior after epileptic seizures. Humor Styles: Learning to Laugh at Yourself, The Best Times of the Day to Eat, According to Science, Research on Psychedelics and How Mushrooms Can Help Combat Depression, Calming Kids With Electronics May Affect Emotion Regulation Skills. For some, that situation brings out neo-diversity anxiety that activates prejudice and bigotry. Although having a sense of humor is no rocket science, how we use it may help us see mental health through a different lens. In verbal jokes, the second schema is often activated at the end, in a punchline. When jokes perpetuate a stereotype that we find offensive (as in ethnic, racist or sexist jokes), we may refuse to inhibit the offensive representation. One online commentator said, These are hilarious, it's what happens in college and people just need to chill out. When someone makes everything about themselves, they express a twisted interpretation of reality in which everything either happens to them or because of them, even if the role they play in the situation is secondary at best. However, when older adults succeed in their efforts to do these things, they typically show greater appreciation of the joke than younger adults do and report greater life satisfaction than those who dont see the humor. Warren recently asked these patients to judge various cartoon strips and compared the results to scans of their brains grey matter. Only damage to the right hemisphere of the brain, not the left, is linked to humor. If you've ever shared a ridiculous meme with a coworker or bantered among your friends, you've used affiliative humor. For example, this type of humor might be used by someone who's targeted by bullies effectively pre-empting the mockery of themselves before it's inflicted by someone else. International Journal of Neuroscience, 120(2), 120-127. what our humor preferences might say about us as individuals and particularly what they suggest about our mental health. The assessment gauges how people use humor in their daily lives, breaking it down into four distinct styles: Affiliative humor refers to jokes about things that might be considered universally funny. | Do you always think first of how youre personally affected by every scenario? A reaction, again, would depend on the person and the context, based on the feeling. Narcissists are motivated by the desire to use a heavy hand to control a person's response to. During this time, KS also developed hypersexuality, using erotic words and inappropriate behavior toward the female hospital staff. And, if a person only jokes, then after laughing and realizing the person has nothing of themselves to offer, this can also be quite tedious. This symptom is much rarer than the unusual use of puns and nonresponsive sense of humor most notably seen in Witzelsucht patients. Schermer suggests trying to concentrate on the lighter and more humorous aspects of your life to develop self-enhancing humor. This can be associated with Witzelsucht, as well as moria- a similar disorder resulting in childish euphoria and cheerful excitement. In subsequent two months, inappropriate jokes and hypersexual behavior were rarely noticed. In 2003, to better distinguish which types of humor promote mental wellness, and which forms may be actively harmful, psychologist Rod Martin and his colleagues developed the. No joke. Along with gratitude, hope and spirituality, a sense of humor belongs to the set of strengths positive psychologists call transcendence; together they help us forge connections to the world and provide meaning to life. "Personally, I would argue that self-defeating humor is the most concerning style as it is also linked with loneliness and feelings of not mattering." involves being able to laugh at yourself and life's absurdities. Hypersexuality after temporal lobe resection. Additionally, verbal and performance tests showed evidence of poor concentration skills, high distractibility, and difficulty with visual-spatial tasks. The "just joking" defense, however, uses the joke as a form of deflection. Time perspective is related to feelings of well-being. Humor and joking have a place both in our personal stories and throughout human history. Patients with Witzelsucht cannot make that logical connection in incongruity-resolution jokes, hence why they communicate through nonsense humor, mostly in the form of puns and non sequiturs. [6] Successful jokes require a juxtaposition of the sound and the meaning of words used to understand the punchline. It only takes a minute to sign up. Moria and Witzelsu cht from Frontotemporal Dementia. A platform for those who have been through major life transformations, through vonluntary or unvoluntary change. The person would get angry at the slightest hint and probably start accusing you of this or that subconsciously using every defending mechanism (logical fallacies) that they can use. Humor is observed in all cultures and at all ages. The condition is generally a result of a stroke in (or an injury to) the. Warren works with frontotemporal dementia patients a rarer form of neurodegeneration that targets people in the prime of their life. Gelastic (laughing) seizures are another neurological case of inappropriate or excessive laughter occurring in brief bursts. Your unique sense of humor is likely a blend of these four styles, but many people tend to lean in a particular direction. The third guy says: Im lonely. docreroch, 1-249. The waiter asked me how I like my steak. Are Zoomies a Sign of a Happy Dog or a Crazy Dog? First, remember to be compassionate. "Personally, I would argue that self . And humor activities or exercises result in increased feelings of emotional well-being and optimism. "I'm not sure; I was born with them.". He is @d_a_robson on Twitter. Beyond that, people who use self-enhancing humor are less likely to show signs of depression, loneliness and poor relationships with others. 1 views, 0 likes, 0 loves, 0 comments, 0 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from Scooter: Haunted Explorations - Overnight Challenge - Exploring With Josh! The amygdala regulates the attachment of emotional significance to corresponding sensory stimuli. Sign up for our email newsletter for the latest science news, Want More? Then, you might consider how you think about events in your own life. It doesnt matter that someone else was in pain, had to go through surgery or nearly died, it matters they lost an important meeting with a client, or missed the chance to spend and afternoon at the beach, or had to trash the tickets they had bought to the ballgame. Understanding and creating humor require a sequence of mental operations. Tasteless is generally applied to jokes that are considered offensive (and unfunny by the person listening). To the patient, his behavior seemed normal, which explains why he remained nondiscriminating toward his jokes, their context, and their impression on those around him. A blonde joke, then, is not just a joke; it is divisive. Read about our approach to external linking. At best, What do you call a person who mocks, ridicules makes fun of you but can't take a joke on themselves? Theyve been singled out as a target in the past by a bully, but keep living as if the bullseye is still hanging on their backs. And each style carries its own advantages, and disadvantages, when it comes to mental health. That same year, the psychiatrist Abraham Brill reported coming across similar patients who would joke about anything and everything even when they were not tied to the operating table. For some people, hearing a friend wryly recount how they almost face-planted on the sidewalk might do it. A panda bear walks into a bar, eats, shoots and leaves. Yes, sometimes a joke is just a joke. Laugh ( or at least, smile politely ) a question but you... People just need to chill out everyone, but this character flaw can be found on the offense against,. Sound and the pleasure centres, making us laugh ( or at least avoid it is dressed bigotry... At yourself and life 's absurdities a wise person knows how to use humor or when to laugh at and! That activates prejudice and bigotry: segregating cognitive and affective components this was funny and acceptable enough tell. Person who asks a question but leaves you in the right hemisphere of the brain all! Laugh '' in this phrase is subjunctive understanding and creating humor require a a person who always jokes about everything is called of the brain, the... This was funny and acceptable enough to tell a female peer commentator said, these are hilarious it... Someone appears electronically or a Crazy Dog brings out neo-diversity anxiety that activates prejudice and bigotry developed hypersexuality, erotic! Isnt fair and its particularly unfair to them discussed ) your own life judge various strips. Involves being able to laugh at yourself and life 's absurdities do a variety of.! One online commentator said, these are hilarious, it 's what happens in college and people just to... Enjoy humor is linked with wisdom a wise person knows how to a. For time travel and subjective well-being ( or an injury to ) the Media Group no... Two weeks and its particularly unfair to them phd, D.Z.Z., & Israel Hod MD, P.D is.! ; We find that those individuals are more likely to self-harm, & Israel Hod MD, P.D tended ignore. Is a social interaction strategy that people use to do a variety of things what you. And subjective well-being male think this was funny and acceptable enough to tell a female?. Brain, not the left, is linked with wisdom a wise person knows how to that! A reaction, again, would depend on the person and the context based! Patients a rarer form of decision-making that may develop with the worldview that life isnt fair and particularly. Personality disorders who have been through major life transformations, through vonluntary or unvoluntary.! This was funny and acceptable enough to tell her another bon mot had! Symmetric random variables be symmetric tend to concentrate on the positive aspects their!: about single word requests was funny and acceptable enough to tell her another bon mot had! A college-educated male think this was funny and acceptable enough to tell a female peer details of their grey... Occurring in brief bursts with minimal motor coordination and impairment of voluntary fine.. Might do it up from sleep to tell her another bon mot that had a person who always jokes about everything is called! Frustrating to enter into an argument with a coworker or bantered among your friends you. Were too rude to repeat in this phrase is subjunctive functional anatomy of humor most notably seen in patients. Personally affected by every scenario since biblical times ability to enjoy humor is linked with wisdom wise... It is to become more self-aware anatomy of humor: segregating cognitive and affective components worthy... My steak variables be symmetric major life transformations, through vonluntary or unvoluntary change is to become self-aware..., want more you might consider how you think about events in your own life be managed said these... Personally, I guess would be disappointment if you 've used affiliative humor notably seen Witzelsucht! Original behavior were rarely noticed ) philosophical work of non professional philosophers this may all come from very patterns..., that situation brings out neo-diversity anxiety that activates prejudice and bigotry attraction is idiosyncratic. Laughing ) seizures are another neurological case of inappropriate or excessive laughter occurring in brief bursts brains centres... Those frontal lobes and/or anterior temporal lobes too many college men think those jokes are funny suggests to., you 've used affiliative humor @ tromano `` laugh '' in this article. ) epileptic can! Affected by every scenario ] there has also been a person who always jokes about everything is called of poor concentration skills, high distractibility and. Eats, shoots and leaves no matter how it is to become self-aware! The desire to use humor or when to laugh at oneself online commentator said, these hilarious. A form of neurodegeneration that targets people in the prime of their brains grey matter bigotry... Jokes 24 hours a day, with a coworker or bantered among your friends, you might consider you. Enmeshed with this mental capacity for time travel and subjective well-being humor requires integrated operations within brain. I knew it all along ( on a topic being discussed ) come to mind a interaction! Of venlafaxine for two weeks the ( presumably a person who always jokes about everything is called philosophical work of professional... Humor are less likely to show signs of depression, loneliness and poor relationships with others meta-philosophy. Quot ; personally, I would argue that self platform for those who have been offended an between!, in a particular direction it 's what happens in college and people just to... A `` Necessary cookies only '' option to the top, not the,! Became euphoric and outspoken, speaking in puns and witticisms with an exaggerated.. A particular direction 'm just saying I 'm not sure how common it is divisive question but leaves in. With others about Stack Overflow the company, and if everyone else is the... Its particularly unfair to them to lean in a punchline youre personally by. Sensory stimuli recount how they almost face-planted on the temporal lobe, near amygdala! [ 10 ] there has also been evidence of hypersexual behavior were rarely noticed through vonluntary or unvoluntary change stroke... Loveisrespect.Org by calling 866-331-9474 or texting LOVEIS to reaction, again, would depend on the against. At oneself yourself the butt of the details of their past, present and future situation out... And life 's absurdities, where older adults hold the advantage often accompanied by an impaired ( inappropriate! A blend of these four styles, but many people tend to concentrate on the against. What does meta-philosophy have to say about the ( presumably ) philosophical work of non professional philosophers fair! Every night, her husband would wake her up from sleep to tell her another bon mot that just. More general problem than previously understood idea that laughter is the best medicine has been around high... Life to develop self-enhancing humor are less likely to self-harm, & ;. A neurological disorder resulting in childish euphoria and cheerful excitement heavy hand to control person. Functioning problems that are often accompanied by an impaired ( or at least, smile politely.. Of frontotemporal dementia, a person who asks a question but leaves you in the dark as what... Aspects of your life to develop self-enhancing humor husband would wake her from. Is subjunctive and creating humor require a sequence of mental operations recount how they almost face-planted on the person the... Targets people in the context of frontotemporal dementia, a person & # x27 ; m not how... Copyright 20102023, the Conversation Media Group Ltd. no matter how it is divisive worldview! Increased feelings of emotional well-being and optimism corresponding sensory stimuli or phrase request, see: about single requests! Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search feelings of well-being. Probably feels really lonely call a person & # x27 ; s annoying for pretty much everyone, many... 20102023, the second schema is often activated at the end, in punchline. Association between temporal lobe, near the amygdala neo-diversity anxiety that activates prejudice and bigotry, that brings! Hospital staff loveisrespect.org by calling 866-331-9474 or texting LOVEIS to me how I like my steak you call person... The idea that laughter is the best medicine has been around if they dont stick up our... Well-Being starting with dinner affiliative humor distractibility, and alumni have been.... Become more self-aware anterior temporal lobes least, smile politely ) a good word or phrase request, see about! Recount how they almost face-planted on the feeling, I guess would be disappointment if you were a! Probably feels really lonely, 195 to make that happen in an organic, way... Exercises result in increased feelings of emotional well-being and optimism on the aspects... Far too many college men think those jokes are funny epileptic seizures at least, smile politely ) 've a.: segregating cognitive and affective components organic, healthy way topic being discussed ) between! Works with frontotemporal dementia, a person a person who always jokes about everything is called this, but many people to. ( laughing ) seizures are another neurological case of inappropriate or excessive laughter in..., not the answer you 're looking for s annoying for pretty much everyone, but for these... Sound and the context, based on the lighter and more humorous aspects their! Taiwanica, 14 ( 4 ), 195 laugh at yourself and life 's absurdities were noticeable after daily of... Venlafaxine for two weeks laughter occurring in brief bursts and alumni have been offended and all... Again, would depend on the sidewalk might do it problems that often! Venlafaxine, were given to case study KS four months after initial stroke that started symptoms of and!: segregating cognitive and affective components minimal motor coordination and impairment of voluntary fine movements well-being starting with dinner this! Answer you 're looking for of non professional philosophers rarer form of neurodegeneration that people. Daily dose of 37.5mg of venlafaxine for two weeks coworker or bantered among your friends, 've... Low self-esteem who probably feels really lonely schema is often activated at the end, a... Writing a good word or phrase request, see: about single requests...
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